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--- 部长 [2025/08/22 17:01] – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
+++ 部长 [2025/08/22 17:01] (current) – created xiaoer
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+====== bùzhǎng: 部长 - Minister, Department Head, Secretary ======
+===== Quick Summary =====
+  * **Keywords:** bùzhǎng, 部长, Chinese minister, head of department Chinese, government titles in Chinese, Secretary of Defense China, 外交部长, what does buzhang mean, Chinese official, company department head
+  * **Summary:** The Chinese term **部长 (bùzhǎng)** refers to a high-ranking leader, equivalent to a "Minister" or "Secretary" in a government cabinet, or a "Department Head" in a large corporation. Understanding **部长** is key to navigating formal hierarchies in both Chinese politics and business, as it signifies significant authority and is used as a respectful title when addressing such individuals.
+===== Core Meaning =====
+  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** bùzhǎng
+  * **Part of Speech:** Noun
+  * **HSK Level:** HSK 5
+  * **Concise Definition:** A minister who heads a government ministry or the director of a major department.
+  * **In a Nutshell:** Think of **部长 (bùzhǎng)** as the chief of a major division. In government, this is a top-level position like the Minister of Education or Secretary of Commerce. In a large company, it's the head of a whole department, like the Head of Marketing. The term carries a strong sense of formal authority and is a step above a general manager (经理, jīnglǐ).
+===== Character Breakdown =====
+  * **部 (bù):** This character means "part," "section," or "department." It's composed of 陪's right part (which originally depicted a city) and ⻏ (a kneeling person radical), suggesting a subdivision or administrative district of a city. Today, it's used in words for organizational units, like a government ministry (外交**部**) or a company department (市场**部**).
+  * **长 (zhǎng):** When pronounced as `zhǎng`, this character means "chief," "head," or "elder." It's a pictograph of a person with long hair, symbolizing age and wisdom, and therefore, leadership. (Note: When pronounced `cháng`, it means "long").
+  * The two characters combine literally to mean "department chief," a straightforward and logical construction for the head of a ministry or department.
+===== Cultural Context and Significance =====
+  * **Hierarchy and Formality:** The title **部长 (bùzhǎng)** is deeply embedded in China's hierarchical social and political structure. It's not just a job description; it's a formal rank that commands respect. In any official or business setting, knowing who the **部长** is helps one understand the power structure.
+  * **Comparison to Western Titles:** A **部长** is very similar to a "Minister" in a parliamentary system (e.g., UK, Canada) or a "Secretary" in the US presidential system (e.g., Secretary of State). For example, the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs is the **外交部长 (Wàijiāo Bùzhǎng)**. The key cultural difference lies in the direct use of the title. While you might call the US Secretary of State "Mr. Secretary," it's extremely common and expected in China to address a minister directly as "[Surname] + 部长," such as **王部长 (Wáng Bùzhǎng)**. This is a sign of respect and acknowledges their formal position.
+  * **Face and Authority:** Addressing someone by their proper title, especially a high-ranking one like **部长**, is crucial for giving "face" (面子, miànzi). Using the correct title shows you recognize their authority and importance, which is fundamental to smooth interactions in formal Chinese contexts.
+===== Practical Usage in Modern China =====
+  * **In Government:** This is the most common context. Every government ministry (部, bù) is led by a **部长**.
+    *   外交部 (Wàijiāobù): Ministry of Foreign Affairs -> 外交**部长** (Wàijiāo Bùzhǎng)
+    *   国防部 (Guófángbù): Ministry of National Defense -> 国防**部长** (Guófáng Bùzhǎng)
+    *   教育部 (Jiàoyùbù): Ministry of Education -> 教育**部长** (Jiàoyù Bùzhǎng)
+  * **In Corporations:** Large companies often adopt a similar structure. A major division is called a "部" and is led by a **部长**.
+    *   市场部 (Shìchǎngbù): Marketing Department -> 市场**部长** (Shìchǎng Bùzhǎng)
+    *   人力资源部 (Rénlì Zīyuánbù): Human Resources Department -> 人力资源**部长** (Rénlì Zīyuán Bùzhǎng)
+  * **As a Direct Title:** When speaking to or about a minister or department head, you almost always use their surname followed by the title. Forgetting this can be seen as disrespectful.
+    *   Formal and respectful: "王**部长**，您好！" (Wáng Bùzhǎng, nín hǎo!) - "Hello, Minister Wang!"
+    *   Incorrect/Too Casual: "王先生，您好！" (Wáng xiānsheng, nín hǎo!) - "Hello, Mr. Wang!" (This would be used only if you are social equals or in a very informal setting, which is unlikely with a **部长**).
+===== Example Sentences =====
+  * **Example 1:**
+    * 中国新任外交**部长**今天举行了新闻发布会。
+    * Pinyin: Zhōngguó xīnrèn wàijiāo **bùzhǎng** jīntiān jǔxíngle xīnwén fābùhuì.
+    * English: China's new Minister of Foreign Affairs held a press conference today.
+    * Analysis: This is a typical example from a news report, showing the title used in a formal, official context.
+  * **Example 2:**
+    * 李**部长**，关于这个项目，我们准备了一份详细的报告。
+    * Pinyin: Lǐ **bùzhǎng**, guānyú zhège xiàngmù, wǒmen zhǔnbèile yī fèn xiángxì de bàogào.
+    * English: Minister Li, regarding this project, we have prepared a detailed report.
+    * Analysis: This demonstrates the common and respectful way to address a **部长** directly in a professional setting: `[Surname] + 部长`.
+  * **Example 3:**
+    * 他被提升为公司的市场部**部长**。
+    * Pinyin: Tā bèi tíshēng wéi gōngsī de shìchǎngbù **bùzhǎng**.
+    * English: He was promoted to be the company's Head of the Marketing Department.
+    * Analysis: This sentence shows the use of **部长** within a corporate context, signifying a major leadership role.
+  * **Example 4:**
+    * 要见到国防**部长**可不是一件容易的事。
+    * Pinyin: Yào jiàndào guófáng **bùzhǎng** kě bùshì yī jiàn róngyì de shì.
+    * English: It's not an easy thing to get to see the Minister of Defense.
+    * Analysis: This sentence highlights the high status and inaccessibility associated with a top-level government **部长**.
+  * **Example 5:**
+    * 作为教育**部长**，她责任重大。
+    * Pinyin: Zuòwéi jiàoyù **bùzhǎng**, tā zérèn zhòngdà.
+    * English: As the Minister of Education, she has great responsibilities.
+    * Analysis: The phrase 作为 (zuòwéi) means "as" or "in the capacity of," directly linking the person to their role and its duties.
+  * **Example 6:**
+    * 这位前**部长**现在在大学里当教授。
+    * Pinyin: Zhè wèi qián **bùzhǎng** xiànzài zài dàxué lǐ dāng jiàoshòu.
+    * English: This former minister now works as a professor at a university.
+    * Analysis: The character 前 (qián) means "former" or "ex-," showing how to refer to someone who previously held the title.
+  * **Example 7:**
+    * 公司的每个**部长**都需要参加这次紧急会议。
+    * Pinyin: Gōngsī de měi ge **bùzhǎng** dōu xūyào cānjiā zhè cì jǐnjí huìyì.
+    * English: Every department head in the company needs to attend this emergency meeting.
+    * Analysis: This illustrates the collective use of the term in a business environment, referring to all individuals at that rank.
+  * **Example 8:**
+    * 会议将由财政**部长**亲自主持。
+    * Pinyin: Huìyì jiāng yóu cáizhèng **bùzhǎng** qīnzì zhǔchí.
+    * English: The meeting will be personally chaired by the Minister of Finance.
+    * Analysis: 亲自 (qīnzì) means "personally" or "in person," emphasizing the importance of the event by noting the **部长**'s direct involvement.
+  * **Example 9:**
+    * 我们部门的**部长**是一位非常有经验的领导。
+    * Pinyin: Wǒmen bùmén de **bùzhǎng** shì yī wèi fēicháng yǒu jīngyàn de lǐngdǎo.
+    * English: Our department's head is a very experienced leader.
+    * Analysis: This sentence shows a subordinate speaking about their **部长** in a positive and respectful manner.
+  * **Example 10:**
+    * 他的人生目标是成为一名**部长**。
+    * Pinyin: Tā de rénshēng mùbiāo shì chéngwéi yī míng **bùzhǎng**.
+    * English: His life goal is to become a minister.
+    * Analysis: This reflects the ambition and high social standing associated with achieving the rank of **部长**.
+===== Nuances and Common Mistakes =====
+  * **部长 (bùzhǎng) vs. 经理 (jīnglǐ):** This is the most common point of confusion for learners.
+    *   **部长 (bùzhǎng):** Head of a large, formal "department" (部). This is a high-level strategic role (e.g., Head of HR for the entire company).
+    *   **经理 (jīnglǐ):** "Manager." This is a much broader and more common term. It can be a store manager, a project manager, or a team manager. A **部长** oversees multiple teams and likely several 经理.
+    *   **Mistake:** Calling the head of the entire marketing department a 市场经理 (shìchǎng jīnglǐ). While they //are// a manager, their proper title is 市场**部长** (shìchǎng bùzhǎng). Using the wrong title can seem like you're downplaying their seniority.
+  * **Don't Use It for Small Groups:** You would never be the **部长** of your study group or a small club. The term implies a formal, established organization with a clear hierarchy.
+  * **Formality in Address:** When you meet a **部长**, avoid using "你 (nǐ)". Always use the formal "您 (nín)". Example: "王**部长**，您请坐" (Wáng Bùzhǎng, nín qǐng zuò) - "Minister Wang, please have a seat."
+===== Related Terms and Concepts =====
+  * `[[总理]] (zǒnglǐ)` - Premier / Prime Minister. This official ranks above all the **部长**s and heads the entire government cabinet (the State Council in China).
+  * `[[主席]] (zhǔxí)` - Chairman. A very high-level title, often for the head of state, a political party, or a major corporation (e.g., a board chairman).
+  * `[[司长]] (sīzhǎng)` - Director-General. A rank within a ministry, heading a "司" (sī) or department. Typically, a **司长** reports to a **部长**.
+  * `[[局长]] (júzhǎng)` - Director / Chief. The head of a "局" (jú) or bureau, which can be an agency under a ministry or a municipal-level body. Often a rank below **部长**.
+  * `[[经理]] (jīnglǐ)` - Manager. The more general-purpose term for a manager, which is subordinate to a **部长** in a corporate hierarchy.
+  * `[[领导]] (lǐngdǎo)` - Leader; Leadership. A general and common term for any superior or person in a leadership position. You can refer to your **部长** as your **领导**.
+  * `[[官员]] (guānyuán)` - Official / Functionary. A general term for a government official of any rank. A **部长** is a high-level **官员**.
+  * `[[政府]] (zhèngfǔ)` - Government. The overarching entity where **部长**s hold their positions.
+  * `[[部门]] (bùmén)` - Department; Branch. The general word for a department that a **部长** would lead.